Distribution of coal in india gondwana coal fields tertiary coal fields gondwana coal gondwana coal makes up to 98 per cent of the total reserves and 99 per cent of the production of coal in india. Its formation is mainly a problem in the combustion of liquid and solid fuels oil, coal, or wood, because molecularscale mixing of fuel and oxygen is not as easy here. However, more than a heavy growth of vegetation is needed for the formation of coal. Each of these stages must be completed for coal to form. Ride along with the geologic development of mother earth. Inorganic matter in coal is converted to coal combustion residues ccrs at coal fired power plants. When forested swamps died, they sank below the water and began the process of coal formation. High pressures and temperatures can change organic matter into three very important kinds of things. The quality of each coal deposit is determined by temperature and pressure and by the length of time in formation, which is referred to as its. Containing everything from energythemed games to teacher lesson plans.
Gas formation can be related to the thermal decomposition of specific. This initially formed peat is used as a fuel in places, but has a low calorific value. On the average the barakar formation is constituted of 68% sandstone, 6% shale and 26% coal. Both petroleum and coal originate predominantly from organisms of the plant kingdom and both are subjected to the same geological processes of bacterial action, burial, compaction, and geothermal heating. Coal formation as described in the general discussion of the carbon cycle chapter 6, coal was formed from prehistoric plants, in marshy environments, some tens or hundreds of millions of years ago. Kids korner creates a rich kidfriendly environment to facilitate in energy education. The permian period was a period of major coal formation in the southern hemisphere behaviour of such coalsst6, suggesting that combustion behaviour may. Compare and contrast oil and coal activity pdf version acrobat pdf 49kb aug17 16 3. The slow process of conversion of dead vegetations into coal is called carbonisation. C 7 h 97 o 9 ns for bituminous coal c 240 h 90 o 4 ns for highgrade anthracite coal is divided into 4 ranks. Bacterial activity is the main process that creates the peat during peatification. Fossil fuel formation activity 3 coal ranks and their heating value.
The origin, formation and petrographic composition of coal. When it nears the point of consumption, such as our homes, the electricity is transformed down to the safer 100250 voltage systems used in the domestic market. As investigated materials, coals and clays from the czech basins and gagatite from poland were measured. Virtually every economical use of coal depends in part on the amount and variety of its inorganic matter. Cyclic sedimentation of the barakar formation, singrauli. Thick beds of coal and mas sive reservoirs of oil are supposed to represent the. Conglomerates, pebble beds, coarse to very coarse grained pebbly sandstone, siltstone, shale and thin streaks and bands of coal are present. Coal particle devolatilization and soot formation in. Coal is a combustible, sedimentary, organic rock formed from ancient vegetation, which has been consolidated between other rock strata and transformed by the combined effects of microbial action, pressure and heat over a considerable time. Noncoking coal, coal reserves, coal production, imports. When the giant plants died, they formed rotted vegetable matter called peat. Coal and petroleum class 8 notes science chapter 5 learn.
The international journal of coal geology deals with fundamental and applied aspects of the geology and petrology of coal, oilgas source rocks and shale gas resources. To form coal, the following steps are followed figure 2. Cctr indiana center for coal technology research 3 coal analysis elemental analysis of coal gives empirical formulas such as. It is the most abundant fossil fuel produced in the united states. The four stages in coal formation are peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite.
Under the right conditions, the progress can continue until anthracite is formed. Coals are classified by rank according to their progressive alteration in the natural metamorphosis from lignite to anthracite. Coal is a fossil fuel, that was formed by the decay of vegetation, which existed millions of years ago. Also assisting with the formation of coal is heat, which is associated with the formation of mountains. As described in the general discussion of the carbon cycle chapter 6, coal was formed. It is composed mostly of carbon 5098 per cent, hydrogen 3 per cent and oxygen, and smaller amounts of nitrogen, sulphur and other elements. Coal is a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to create. Peat is a fibrous substance that is oxidized by water and carbon dioxide.
The calorific value is increased as the peat is buried under hundreds of metres of. The succeeding barren measures formation is composed of very coarse to finegrained ferruginous sandstones, green clays and shale beds. Bituminous coal derivatives, or byproducts can be changed into many different chemicals form which we can make paint, nylon, aspirin and many other items. The formation of coal takes a significant amount of time on the order of a. As much as half the coal remains in the mine in the form of these pillars. The first stage of peat formation is the aerobic, biochemical breakdown of plant tissue at the surface that produces a brownish mass of material.
Coal, the final product of all this decomposition, pressure and heat, has different classifications depending on the stage it is peat, lignite, bituminous or anthracite coal. Commonly two theories of accumulation of peat have been recognized, they explain the formation of coal. Coal stone age it is believed coal was used for heating and cooking. Figure 2 representative organic structures of biopolymers important in coal formation. Increasing temperature and pressure from burial are the main factors in coalification. Coal formation miners museum glace bay nova scotia canada. Coal is a solid, black, readily combustible fossil fuel that contains a. An introduction to coal quality usgs publications repository.
A comprehensive overview of coal 21 used for economic, efficient transmission via power line grids. Theories of coal formation in situ and drift bright. It is very hard, deep black, and looks almost metallic because it is. Rocklick coal mine, west virginia shot of a coal yard showing conveyor belts. The origin of coals must be considered in close relation to the origin of organic matter and the evolution of life, particularly plant life. Coal geology and its application to coalbed methane reservoirs. Coal occurs as layers or seams, ranging in thickness from millimetres to many tens of metres. There are two major theories of coal formation, 1 in situ theory of coal formation, 2 drift theory of coal formation. The energy in coal comes from the energy stored by plants that lived hundreds of millions of. Formation and use of coal combustion residues from three. Coal devolatilization is a process in which coal is transformed at elevated temperatures to produce gases, tar and char.
Coal formation began during the carboniferous period known as the first coal age which spanned 360 million to 290 million years ago. Peat is generally deposited in slowly sinking basins where mineral matter input is very small and where ground water table can keep abreast with the formation of peat. Th e coal we use today took millions of years to form. Anthracite is the highest rank of coal which means that it has the highest heating value and highest carbon content. Inorganic matter in coal can be the source of deleterious pollutants and corrosive elements, but it can also be a source of useful byproducts. Learn how the earth has experienced geological transformations, and have created abundant coal. Different types of plant flourished in the peat swamps, which primarily reflects conditions of climate, water level. The journal aims to advance the exploration, exploitation and utilization of these resources, and to stimulate environmental awareness as well as advancement of engineering for effective resource management. Coal can also be said as an organic sedimentary rock, the physical, chemical and technological properties of which depend on its composition and degree of metamorphism. If one of them be picked out and examined with a little care, it will be found that its six sides are not exactly alike. Coke is an amorphous form of carbon, which is harder and denser than charcoal and is used as a fuel.
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